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## Impressions from MySQL conf 2011, part II

MySQL mysqlconf April 17, 2011

This post continues my impressions from some of the talks I’ve been to.

#### Wednesday

- Replication for Availability & Durability with MySQL and Amazon RDS / Grant McAlister (Amazon.com)

Grant McAlister described the Amazon RDS offer, which provides with a pre-installed MySQL servers, and supports auto management of replication and high availability. He desribed asynchronous vs. synchronous replication, logical (i.e log shipping & replaying) vs. physical replication.

Amazon implement physical replication by shipping data pages to a secondary, standby server, located at a different availability zone. A transaction does not complete before pages are shipped to, and acknowledged by standby machine. The standby machine writes data pages in parallel. This is similar in concept to DRBD. RDS uses InnoDB, which promises data integrity in case of power/network failure.

The fail over process, in case active master has crashed, involves blocking access to the active master, starting MySQL on standby master (promoted to be active), while changing elastic IP for master to point to promoted master. McAlister said this process takes a few minutes. Live demo resulted at about 4 minutes. Continue reading » “Impressions from MySQL conf 2011, part II”

## Impressions from MySQL conf 2011, Part I

MySQL mysqlconf April 15, 2011

Having the conference behind now, I’m reviewing some of my impressions and of sessions I attended.

#### The people

To begin with, this conference was a big success for me, in many respects. The sessions were great (more on that later), but of course, meeting with new people and with familiar people, was the more important part.

I live in Israel, which makes travel to the US very long and expensive. Apparently not many MySQL community members in my neighborhood, so I don’t ever get to meet the faces. The conference makes that possible. I did not participate in all community events, as I had scheduled calls with little girls who miss their father. And I was very much under jet lag. And I have more excuses on demand.

But I did get to meet known faces; people I only knew by name; unfamiliar people who were familiar with my work (fun!); and otherwise just (ex-)strangers.

#### The sessions

There was a variety of sessions to choose from. Many times, I had to pick one out of two or three sessions I was interested in, running at the same time. Not all sessions appeal to one in the same way, but looking back, I find there were a lot of GOOD sessions I attended. I mostly like sessions that are very technical; preferably drilling into details of algorithms & implementation. Continue reading » “Impressions from MySQL conf 2011, Part I”

## Slides for “openark-kit: MySQL utilities for everyday use”

MySQL mysqlconf Open Source openark kit April 14, 2011

Today I have delivered my talk, openark-kit: MySQL utilities for everyday use, at the O’REILLY MySQL Conference 2011.

The slides are uploaded to the O’Reilly site, and I’m attaching them here as well. Feel free to download the PDF: openark-kit-mysqlconf11.pdf

I wish to thank all who attended my talk!

## Checking for AUTO_INCREMENT capacity with single query

MySQL Analysis INFORMATION_SCHEMA openark kit April 5, 2011April 5, 2011

Darn! This means oak-show-limits becomes redundant. Am I not supposed to speak about it on my coming presentation? Bad timing!

You have AUTO_INCREMENT columns. How far are you pushing the limits? Are you going to run out of AUTO_INCREMENT values soon? Perhaps you wonder whether you should ALTER from INT to BIGINT?

The answer is all there in INFORMATION_SCHEMA. The TABLES table shows the current AUTO_INCREMENT value per table, and the COLUMNS table tells us all about a column’s data type.

It takes some ugly code to deduce the maximum value per column type, what with signed/unsigned and data type, but then its very simple. Here is the query: Continue reading » “Checking for AUTO_INCREMENT capacity with single query”

## Recovering a MySQL `root` password: the fourth solution

MySQL Configuration Replication Security March 22, 2011

Have just read Darren Cassar’s Recovering a MySQL `root` password – Three solutions. There’s a fourth solution: using an init-file, which leads to just one restart of the database instead of two. It also avoids the security issue involved with using skip-grant-tables.

I’ve written all about it before on Dangers of skip-grant-tables.

Darren’s 1st advice (look for password ini files, scripts, etc.) is a very good one. One password that can always be looked up in files is the replication’s password.

Replication’s password is easily forgotten: you only set it once and never use it again; never script it nor manually login with. When setting up new slaves, though, you suddenly need it.

Apparently not many realize that the replication password is written in plaintext in the master.info file. This file tells the slave all about it’s master connection: host, port, user & password are all there for you to read.

## Reasons to use AUTO_INCREMENT columns on InnoDB

MySQL Indexing InnoDB Schema March 22, 2011

An InnoDB table must have a primary key (one is created if you don’t do it yourself). You may have a natural key at hand. Stop! Allow me to suggest an AUTO_INCREMENT may be better.

Why should one add an AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY on a table on which there’s a natural key? Isn’t an AUTO_INCREMENT a pseudo key, meaning, it doesn’t have any explicit relation to the row data, other than it is a number and unique?

Yes, indeed so. Nevertheless, consider:

- Natural keys are many times multi-columned.
- Multi column PRIMARY KEYs make for larger keys, and make for bloated secondary keys as well. You may be wasting space for storing the additional AUTO_INCREMENT column, but you may gain space back on secondary keys.
- Multi column PRIMARY KEYs make for more locks. See also this post.
- InnoDB INSERTs work considerably faster when worked in ascending PRIMARY KEY order. Can you ensure your natural key is in such order?
- Even though an AUTO_INCREMENT makes for an INSERT bottleneck (values must be given serially), it is in particular helpful to InnoDB by ensuring PRIMARY KEY values are in ascending order.
- AUTO_INCEMENT makes for chronological resolution. You know what came first, and what came next.
- In many datasets, more recent entries are often being accessed more, and are therefore “hotter”. By using AUTO_INCREMENT, you’re ensuring that recent entries are grouped together within the B+ Tree. This means less random I/O when looking for recent data.
- A numerical key is in particular helpful in splitting your table (and tasks on your table) into smaller chunks. I write tools which can work out with any PRIMARY KEY combination, but it’s easier to work with numbers.

## Would you be my friend on mysqlconf? (tempting offer inside)

MySQL Humor mysqlconf openark kit March 9, 2011March 9, 2011

I’m still throwing papers to the trash and starting all over, fixing, rewriting and improving my talk at mysqlconf 2011, where I will be presenting openark-kit: MySQL utilities for everyday use.

However I’ve got something up my sleeve: a benefit many can enjoy, that’ll make me a respectful, popular and sought after speaker. While others may try and lure you with such earthly temptations as a 20% off discount, I am in a position to offer you a more spiritual gift: my friendship!

See, if you become my friend, I can offer you a 25% discount on the MySQL conference. Yes, that’s 5% more than my competitors! The only thing I ask in return is that you be my friend (hey, it’s called “friends of speaker”). Not like a FB virtual friend, but a real friendship! One where you can buy me beer or dinner!

If you agree to such humane terms, I will be in the position to let you know that all you have to do is fill in ﻿﻿﻿mys11fsd in your registration form.

No, wait! I let it slip! Rewrite: You should fill in ﻿﻿﻿mys11fsd [will only tell you this password after your commitment to a beer] in your registration form.

Oh no, not again!

Don’t use ﻿﻿﻿mys11fsd without talking to me first… You’re not supposed to… Oh, my beer!

Argghhh!

## Limiting table disk quota in MySQL

MySQL File System InnoDB MyISAM Security Triggers March 7, 2011

Question asked by a student: is there a way to limit a table’s quote on disk? Say, limit a table to 2GB, after which it will refuse to grow? Note that the requirement is that rows are never DELETEd. The table must simply refuse to be updated once it reaches a certain size.

There is no built-in way to limit a table’s quota on disk. First thing to observe is that MySQL has nothing to do with this. It is entirely up to the storage engine to provide with such functionality. The storage engine is the one to handle data storage: how table and keys are stored on disk. Just consider the difference between MyISAM’s .MYD & .MYI to InnoDB’s shared tablespace ibdata1 to InnoDB’s file-per table .ibd files.

The only engine I know of that has a quota is the MEMORY engine: it accepts the max_heap_table_size, which limits the size of a single table in memory. Hrmmm… In memory…

#### Why limit?

I’m not as yet aware of the specific requirements of said company, but this is not the first time I heard this question.

The fact is: when MySQL runs out of disk space, it goes with a BOOM. It crashed ungracefully, with binary logs being out of sync, replication being out of sync. To date, and I’ve seen some cases, InnoDB merely crashes and manages to recover once disk space is salvaged, but I am not certain this is guaranteed to be the case. Anyone?

And, with MyISAM…, who knows?

Rule #1 of MySQL disk usage: don’t run out of disk space.

#### Workarounds

I can think of two workarounds, none of which is pretty. The first involves triggers (actually, a few variations for this one), the second involves privileges. Continue reading » “Limiting table disk quota in MySQL”

## Generating Google line charts with SQL, part II

MySQL Graphs mycheckpoint SQL March 3, 2011March 3, 2011

This post continues Generating Google line charts with SQL, part I, in pursue of generating time series based image charts.

We ended last post with the following chart:

>     http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?cht=lc&chs=400x200&chtt=SQL%20chart&chxt=x,y&chxr=1,-4716.6,5340.0&chd=s:dddddddddeeeeeefffffffffeeeedddcccbbaaZZZYYYXXXXXXXXXYYYZZabbcdeefghhijkkllmmmmmmmmllkkjihgfedcbZYXWVUTSRRQQPPPPQQQRSTUVWXZacdfgijlmnpqrssttuuuttssrqonmkigfdbZXVTSQONMLKJIIIIIIJKLMOPRTVXZbegilnprtvwyz01111110zyxvtrpnkifcaXUSPNLJHFECBBAAABBCEFHJLNQTWZcfilortwy1346789999876420yvspmjfcYVSOL

which has a nice curve, and a proper y-legend, but incorrect x-legend and no ticks nor grids.

To date, Google Image Charts do not support time-series charts. We can’t just throw timestamp values and expect the chart to properly position them. We need to work these by hand.

This is not easily done; if our input consists of evenly spread timestamp values, we are in a reasonable position. If not, what do we do?

There are several solutions to this:

- We can present whatever points we have on the chart, making sure to position them properly. This makes for an uneven distribution of ticks on the x-axis, and is not pleasant to watch.
- We can extrapolate values for round hours (or otherwise round timestamp resolutions), and so show evenly spread timestamps. I don’t like this solution one bit, since we’re essentially inventing values here. Extrapolation is nice when you know you have nice curves, but not when you’re doing database monitoring, for example. You must have the precise values.
- We can do oversampling, then group together several measurements within round timestamp resolutions. For example, we can make a measurement every 2 minutes, yet present only 6 measurements per hour, each averaging up 10 round minutes. This is the approach I take with mycheckpoint.

The latest approach goes even beyond that: what if we missed 30 minutes of sampling? Say the server was down. We then need to “invent” the missing timestamps. Note that we invent the timestamps, we do not invent values. We must present the chart with missing values on our invented timestamps.

I may show how to do this in a future post. Meanwhile, let’s simplify and assume our values are evenly spread. Continue reading » “Generating Google line charts with SQL, part II”

## Upgrading passwords from old_passwords to “new passwords”

MySQL Configuration Security February 28, 2011March 1, 2011

You have old_passwords=1 in your my.cnf. I’m guessing this is because you used one of the my-small.cnf, my-large.cnf etc. templates provided with your MySQL distribution.

These files can easily win the “most outdated sample configuration file contest”.

Usually it’s no big deal: if some parameter isn’t right, you just go and change it. Some variables, though, have a long-lasting effect, and are not easily reversed.

#### What’s the deal with old_passwords?

No one should be using these anymore. This variable makes the password hashing algorithm compatible with that of MySQL 4.0. I’m pretty sure 4.0 was released 9 years ago. I don’t know of anyone still using it (or 4.0 client libraries).

The deal is this: with old_passwords you get a 16 hexadecimal digits (64 bit) hashing of your passwords. With so called “new passwords” you get 40 hexadecimal digits (plus extra “*“). So this is about better encryption of your password. Read more on the manual.

#### How do I upgrade to new password format?

You can’t just put a comment on the “old_passwords=1” entry in the configuration file. If you do so, the next client to connect will attempt to match a 41 characters hashed password to your existing 16 characters entry in the mysql.users table. So you need to make a simultaneous change: both remove the old_passwords entry and set a new password. You must know all accounts’ passwords before you begin.

Continue reading » “Upgrading passwords from old_passwords to “new passwords””